PHP- Language for Web Devlopment

PHP development began in 1994 when the developer Rasmus Lerdorf wrote a series of Common Gateway Interface (CGI) Perl scripts, which he used to maintain his personal homepage. The tools performed tasks such as displaying his résumé and recording his web traffic. He rewrote these scripts in C for performance reasons, extending them to add the ability to work with web forms and to communicate with databases, and called this implementation "Personal Home Page/Forms Interpreter" or PHP/FI. PHP/FI could be used to build simple, dynamic web applications.

PHP is a server-side scripting language designed for web development but also used as a general-purpose programming language. PHP is now installed on more than 244 million websites and 2.1 million web servers. Originally created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995, the reference implementation of PHP is now produced by The PHP Group. While PHP originally stood for Personal Home Page, it now stands for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor, a recursive acronym.
PHP code is interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module, which generates the resulting web page: PHP commands can be embedded directly into an HTML source document rather than calling an external file to process data. It has also evolved to include a command-line interface capability and can be used in standalone graphical applications.
PHP is free software released under the PHP License, which is incompatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL) due to restrictions on the usage of the term PHP. PHP can be deployed on most web servers and also as a standalone shell on almost every operating system and platform, free of charge.

Computer Tricks #1

                         RUN TWO WINDOWS 8 APPS SIDE BY SIDE

Windows application are normally full screen, whether its appropriate for this apps to take up the entire screen or not.
Though you can not run the app in the windowed mode,  like you are use to with windows 7 and earlier ,
its still possible to run two apps side by side.

STEP 1 : Move the mouse pointer towards the top of the app until you see it turns into a hand.

STEP 2 : Click and hold the mouse button at the top, than move the app to the left or the right side of the                     screen.

STEP 3 : The app now takes up a sliver of the left or right side of the screen.

STEP 4 : Press the windows key again and choose another app , and the second app take up the rest of the                screen.

STEP 5 : You can switch sides for the sliver app and change places with the primary app but you are struct                  with two width, most of the screen and and sliver of the screen.


NOTE :-  This side by side feature also interacts with the windows desktop. if you are running apps that resides on  the desktop such as an  MS office than putting a window app side by side with the desktop will show all your open desktop apps, stacked along the right side.

Java Programming Language

Java is a general-purpose, concurrent, class-based, object-oriented computer programming language that is specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers "write once, run anywhere" (WORA), meaning that code that runs on one platform does not need to be recompiled to run on another. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode (class file) that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture. Java is, as of 2012, one of the most popular programming languages in use, particularly for client-server web applications, with a reported 9 million developers. Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which has since merged into Oracle Corporation) and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++, but it has fewer low-level facilities than either of them.
The original and reference implementation Java compilers, virtual machines, and class libraries were developed by Sun from 1991 and first released in 1995. As of May 2007, in compliance with the specifications of the Java Community Process, Sun relicensed most of its Java technologies under the GNU General Public License. Others have also developed alternative implementations of these Sun technologies, such as the GNU Compiler for Java(bytecode compiler), GNU Classpath (standard libraries), and IcedTea-Web (browser plugin for applets).

C# Language

C# (pronounced see sharp) is a multi-paradigm programming language encompassing strong typing, imperative, declarative, functional, procedural, generic, object-oriented (class-based), and component-oriented programming disciplines. It was developed by Microsoft within its .NET initiative and later approved as a standard by Ecma and ISO. C# is one of the programming languages designed for the Common Language Infrastructure.
The name "C sharp" was inspired by musical notation where a sharp indicates that the written note should be made a semitone higher in pitch. This is similar to the language name of C++, where "++" indicates that a variable should be incremented by 1.

Versions of C#:-

• C# 2.0
• C# 3.0
• C# 4.0
• C# 5.0 

Syntax:

1. Semicolons are used to denote the end of a statement.
2. Curly braces are used to group statements. Statements are commonly grouped into methods (functions), methods into classes, and classes into namespaces.
3. Variables are assigned using an equals sign, but compared using two consecutive equals signs.
4. Square brackets are used with arrays, both to declare them and to get a value at a given index in one of them.

Tips for Beginner Photographers

1. Don’t go crazy buying the most expensive equipment right away.

It’s possible to get very nice photos with an inexpensive point and shoot. See these examples on Flickr. The more photos you take, the more you’ll know about what kind of camera to get when it’s time to upgrade.

2. Consider a tripod.

On the other hand, an inexpensive tripod is worth getting, especially if you have shaky hands like mine. When I got a tripod, my satisfaction with my shots skyrocketed. For even more stability, use your camera’s timer function with a tripod (read our introduction to tripods).

3. Keep your camera with you all the time.

Photo ops often come when you least expect it. If you can keep your equipment relatively simple – just a small camera bag and a tripod – you might be able to take advantage of some of those unexpected opportunities. Or, if your phone has a camera, use it to take “notes” on scenes you’d like to return to with your regular camera.

4. Make a list of shots you’d like to get.

For those times you can’t carry your camera around, keep a small notebook to jot down places you’d like to come back and photograph. Make sure to note any important details, like the lighting, so you can come back at the same time of day or when the weather’s right. If you don’t want to carry a notebook, send yourself an email using your cell phone with Jott.com.

5. Don’t overlook mundane subjects for photography.

You might not see anything interesting to photograph in your living room or your backyard, but try looking at familiar surroundings with fresh eyes. You might catch an interesting trick of the light or find some unexpected wildflowers in your yard. Often a simple subject makes the best shot.

6. Enjoy the learning process.

The best part of having a hobby like photography is never running out of things to learn. Inspiration is all around you. Look at everything with the eyes of a photographer and you’ll see opportunities you never noticed before.

7. Take advantage of free resources to learn.

Browse through Flickr or websites like the Digital Photography School Forum for inspiration and tips. Also, your local library probably has a wealth of books on all types of photography. If you’re interested in learning about post-processing, give free software like the GIMP a try.
8. Experiment with your camera’s settings.

Your point and shoot may be more flexible and powerful than you know. Read the manual for help deciphering all those little symbols. As you explore, try shooting your subjects with multiple settings to learn what effects you like. When you’re looking at your photos on a computer, you can check the EXIF data (usually in the file’s properties) to recall the settings you used.

9. Learn the basic rules.

The amount of information about photography online can be overwhelming. Start with a few articles on composition. Be open to what more experienced photographers have to say about technique. You have to know the rules before you can break them.

10. Take photos regularly.

Try to photograph something every day. If you can’t do that, make sure you take time to practice regularly, so you don’t forget what you’ve learned. An excellent way to motivate yourself is by doing the weekly assignments in the DPS Forum.

11. Don’t be afraid to experiment.

If you’re using a digital camera, the cost of errors is free. Go crazy – you might end up with something you like. You’ll certainly learn a lot in the process.

C++ Language

C++ is a programming language that is general purpose, statically typed, free-form, multi-paradigm and compiled. It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it comprises both high-level and low-level language features. Developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 . C++ was originally named C with Classes, adding object oriented features, such as classes, and other enhancements to the C programming language. The language was renamed C++ in 1983, as a pun involving the increment operator.

C++ is one of the most popular programming languages and is implemented on a wide variety of hardware and operating system platforms.

C++ is also used for hardware design, where the design is initially described in C++, then analyzed, architecturally constrained, and scheduled to create a register-transfer level hardware description language via high-level synthesis.

C++ is one of the most popular programming languages and is implemented on a wide variety of hardware and operating system platforms. As an efficient compiler to native code, its application domains include systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games. Several groups provide both free and proprietary C++ compiler software, including the LLVM, Microsoft and Intel. C++ has greatly influenced many other popular programming languages, most notably C# and Java.

C Language

In computing, C is a general-purpose programming language initially developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1969. C has facilities for structured programming and allows lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations. Its design provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions, and therefore it has found lasting use in applications. C is low level language.

C is one of the most widely used programming languages of all time, and C compilers are available for the majority of available computer architectures and operating system.

The C language exhibits the following characteristics:

->There is a small, fixed number of keywords, including a full set of flow of control primitives: for, if/else, while, switch, and do/while. There is one namespace, and user-defined names are not distinguished from keywords by any kind of sigil.

->There are a large number of arithmetical and logical operators, such as +, +=, ++, &, ~, etc.

->More than one assignment may be performed in a single statement.

->Function return values can be ignored when not needed.

->Declaration syntax mimics usage context. C has no "define" keyword; instead, a statement beginning with the name of a type is taken as a declaration. There is no "function" keyword; instead, a function is indicated by the parentheses of an argument list.

->Low-level access to computer memory is possible by converting machine addresses to typed pointers.

->Function and data pointers permit ad hoc run-time polymorphism

HISTORY NOVELS

“I stood still, vision blurring, and in that moment, I heard my heart break. It was a small, clean sound, like the snapping of a flower's stem.”

A historical novel is a novel set in the past and intended to evoke the conditions of a past period. Many historical novels include actual historical figures as major or minor characters.

Many early historical novels played an important role in the rise of European popular interest in the history of the Middle Ages. Hugo's Hunchback often receives credit for fueling the movement to preserve the Gothic architecture of France, leading to the establishment of the Monuments historiques, the French governmental authority for historic preservation.

The genre of the historical novel has also permitted some authors, such as the Polish novelist Bolesław Prus in his sole historical novel, Pharaoh, to distance themselves from their own time and place to gain perspective on society and on the human condition, or to escape the depredations of the censor.

In some historical novels, major historic events take place mostly off-stage, while the fictional characters inhabit the world where those events occur. Robert Louis Stevenson's Kidnapped recounts mostly private adventures set against the backdrop of the Jacobite troubles in Scotland. Charles Dickens's Barnaby Rudge is set amid the Gordon Riots, and A Tale of Two Cities in the French Revolution.

Young ADULT NOVELS!!

“I’d said it before and meant it: Alive or undead, the love of my life was a badass.”

Young-adult fiction or young adult literature   is fiction written, published, or marketed to adolescents and young adults, although recent studies show that 55% of young-adult fiction is purchased by readers over 18 years of age. The Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA) of the American Library Association (ALA) defines a young adult as someone between the ages of twelve and eighteen.  The terms young-adult novel, juvenile novel, young-adult book, etc. refer to the works in the YA category.

YA literature shares the following fundamental elements of the fiction genre: character, plot, setting, theme, and style. However, theme and style are often subordinated to the more tangible elements of plot, setting, and character, which appeal more readily to younger readers. The vast majority of YA stories portray an adolescent, rather than an adult or child, as the protagonist.

ROMANCE NOVELS

“Once I learned, I went online and ordered every romance novel I could find. They're fairy tales for grown-ups.”

The romance novel or romantic novel is a literary genre. Novels in this genre place their primary focus on the relationship and romantic love between two people, and must have an "emotionally satisfying and optimistic ending." Through the late 20th and early 21st centuries, these novels are commercially in two main varieties: category romances, which are shorter books with a one-month shelf-life, and single-title romances, which are generally longer with a longer shelf-life.[citation needed] However in classical times, Romances were considered very basic literature and reading a romance a plebeian activity. Separate from their type, a romance novel can exist within one of many subgenres, including contemporary, historical, science fiction and paranormal.

THRILLER NOVELS

“The sweetest smiles hold the darkest secrets...”

Thriller is a broad genre of literature, film, and television programming that uses suspense, tension and excitement as the main elements.Thrillers heavily stimulate the viewer's moods giving them a high level of anticipation, ultra-heightened expectation, uncertainty, surprise, anxiety and/or terror. Thriller films tend to be adrenaline-rushing, gritty, rousing and fast-paced.

A thriller provides the sudden rush of emotions, excitement, and exhilaration that drive the narrative, sometimes subtly with peaks and lulls, sometimes at a constant, breakneck pace thrills. It keeps the audience cliff-hanging at the "edge of their seats" as the plot builds towards a climax. Literary devices such as red herrings, plot twists and cliffhangers are used extensively. A thriller is usually a villain-driven plot, whereby he or she presents obstacles that the protagonist must overcome.

Common sub genres are psychological thrillers, crime thrillers, erotic thrillers and mystery thrillers. Another common sub genre of thriller is the spy genre which deals with fictional espionage. Successful examples of thrillers are the films of Alfred Hitchcock. The horror and action genres often overlap with the thriller genre. Thrillers tend to be psychological, threatening, mysterious and at times involve larger-scale villainy such as espionage, terrorism and conspiracy.

MYSTERY NOVELS

“It was the experience of mystery - even if mixed with fear - that engendered religion.”

Mystery fiction is a loosely-defined term.

It is often used as a synonym for detective fiction or crime fiction—in other words a novel or short story in which a detective (either professional or amateur) investigates and solves a crime mystery. Sometimes mystery books are nonfictional. The term "mystery fiction" may sometimes be limited to the subset of detective stories in which the emphasis is on the puzzle/suspense element and its logical solution (cf. whodunit), as a contrast to hardboiled detective stories, which focus on action and gritty realism.

Although normally associated with the crime genre, the term "mystery fiction" may in certain situations refer to a completely different genre, where the focus is on supernatural or thriller mystery (the solution does not have to be logical, and even no crime is involved). This usage was common in the pulp magazines of the 1930s and 1940s, where titles such as Dime Mystery, Thrilling Mystery and Spicy Mystery offered what at the time were described as "weird menace" stories—supernatural horror in the vein of Grand Guignol. This contrasted with parallel titles of the same names which contained conventional hardboiled crime fiction. The first use of "mystery" in this sense was by Dime Mystery, which started out as an ordinary crime fiction magazine but switched to "weird menace" during the latter part of 1933.

NON-FICTION NOVELS

The non-fiction novel is a literary genre which, broadly speaking, depicts real historical figures and actual events woven together with fictitious allegations and using the storytelling techniques of fiction. The non-fiction novel is an otherwise loosely defined and flexible genre. The genre is sometimes referred to as or faction, a portmanteau of "fact" and "fiction".

Popular Non Fiction Books

Popular Non Fiction Books

1.The Diary of a Young Girl The Diary of a Young Girl (Paperback)

by Anne Frank (shelved 6377 times as non-fiction)

avg rating 4.05 — 1,223,078 ratings — published 1947

2.Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything (Hardcover)

by Steven D. Levitt (shelved 5275 times as non-fiction)

avg rating 3.84 — 425,032 ratings — published 2005

3.The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (Hardcover)

by Rebecca Skloot (Goodreads Author) (shelved 4141 times as non-fiction)

avg rating 4.04 — 273,728 ratings — published 2010

4.The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big DifferenceThe Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Paperback)

by Malcolm Gladwell (shelved 3822 times as non-fiction)

avg rating 3.80 — 384,003 ratings — published 2000

5.The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair that Changed America The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair that Changed America (Audio Cassette)

by Erik Larson (Goodreads Author) (shelved 3819 times as non-fiction)

Avg rating 3.96 — 253,733 ratings — published 2002

FICTION NOVELS

"Fiction has three main elements: plotting, character, and place or setting."

Fiction is the form of any work that deals, in part or in whole, with information or events that are not real, but rather, imaginary and theoretical—that is, invented by the author. Although fiction describes a major branch of literary work, it may also refer to theatrical, cinematic, or musical work. Fiction contrasts with non-fiction, which deals exclusively with factual (or, at least, assumed factual) events, descriptions, observations, etc.

"A charged image evokes all the other elements of your story—theme, character, conflict, setting, style, and so on."

"For writers, the spices you add to make your plot your own include characters, setting, and dialogue."

Popular Fiction Novels Books

1.The Great GatsbyThe Great Gatsby (Paperback)

by F. Scott Fitzgerald (shelved 18 times as fiction-novels)

avg rating 3.81 — 1,636,995 ratings — published 19

2.To Kill a MockingbirdTo Kill a Mockingbird (Paperback)

by Harper Lee (shelved 18 times as fiction-novels)

 3.Mockingjay (The Hunger Games, #3)Mockingjay (The Hunger Games, #3)

by Suzanne Collins (shelved 15 times as fiction-novels)

avg rating 4.03 — 1,138,507 ratings — published 2010

4.The Hunger Games (The Hunger Games #1)The Hunger Games (The Hunger Games #1)

by Suzanne Collins (shelved 15 times as fiction-novels)

avg rating 4.43 — 2,234,435 ratings — published 2008

5.Catching Fire (The Hunger Games, #2)Catching Fire (The Hunger Games, #2)

by Suzanne Collins (shelved 14 times as fiction-novels) 

CLASSIC NOVELS

“The person, be it gentleman or lady, who has not pleasure in a good novel, must be intolerably stupid.”

A classic book is a book accepted as being exemplary or noteworthy, either through an imprimatur such as being listed in any of the Western canons or through a reader's own personal opinion. The term itself is closely related to Western Canon and to various college/university Senior Comprehensive Examination Reading Lists. What makes a book "classic" is a concern that has occurred to various authors ranging from Italo Calvino to Mark Twain and the related questions of "Why Read the Classics?" and "What Is a Classic?" have been essayed by authors from different genres and eras (Calvino, T. S. Eliot, Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve). The ability of a classic book to be reinterpreted, to seemingly be renewed in the interests of generations of readers succeeding its creation, is a theme that is seen in the writings of literary critics including Michael Dirda, Saint-Beuve and Ezra Pound.

“Classic' - a book which people praise and don't read.”